How to mix-in a trait to instance?

问题:

Given a trait MyTrait:

trait MyTrait {
  def doSomething = println("boo")
}

it can be mixed into a class with extends or with:

class MyClass extends MyTrait

It can also be mixed upon instantiating a new instance:

var o = new MyOtherClass with MyTrait
o.doSomething

But...can the trait (or any other if that makes a difference) be added to an existing instance?

I'm loading objects using JPA in Java and I'd like to add some functionality to them using traits. Is it possible at all?

I'd like to be able to mix in a trait as follows:

var o = DBHelper.loadMyEntityFromDB(primaryKey);
o = o with MyTrait //adding trait here, rather than during construction
o.doSomething

回答1:

I have a idea for this usage:

//if I had a class like this
final class Test {
  def f = println("foo")
}
trait MyTrait {
  def doSomething = {
    println("boo")
  }
}
object MyTrait {
  implicit def innerObj(o:MixTest) = o.obj

  def ::(o:Test) = new MixTest(o)
  final class MixTest private[MyTrait](val obj:Test) extends MyTrait
}

you can use this trait as below:

import MyTrait._

val a = new Test
val b = a :: MyTrait
b.doSomething
b.f

for your example code:

val o = DBHelper.loadMyEntityFromDB(primaryKey) :: MyTrait
o.doSomething

I hope this can help you.

UPDATED

object AnyTrait {
  implicit def innerObj[T](o: MixTest[T]):T = o.obj

  def ::[T](o: T) = new MixTest(o)
  final class MixTest[T] private[AnyTrait](val obj: T) extends MyTrait
}

but this pattern has some restrict, you can't use some implicit helper method that defined already.

val a = new Test
a.f
val b = a :: AnyTrait
b.f1
b.f
val c = "say hello to %s" :: AnyTrait
println(c.intern)  // you can invoke String's method 
println(c.format("MyTrait"))  //WRONG. you can't invoke StringLike's method, though there defined a implicit method in Predef can transform String to StringLike, but implicit restrict one level transform, you can't transform MixTest to String then to StringLike.
c.f1
val d = 1 :: AnyTrait
println(d.toLong)
d.toHexString // WRONG, the same as above
d.f1

回答2:

An existing runtime object in the JVM has a certain size on the heap. Adding a trait to it would mean altering its size on the heap, and changing its signature.

So the only way to go would be to do some kind of transformation at compile time.

Mixin composition in Scala occurs at compile time. What compiler could potentially do is create a wrapper B around an existing object A with the same type that simply forwards all calls to the existing object A, and then mix in a trait T to B. This, however, is not implemented. It is questionable when this would be possible, since the object A could be an instance of a final class, which cannot be extended.

In summary, mixin composition is not possible on existing object instances.

UPDATED:

Related to the smart solution proposed by Googol Shan, and generalizing it to work with any trait, this is as far as I got. The idea is to extract the common mixin functionality in the DynamicMixinCompanion trait. The client should then create a companion object extending DynamicMixinCompanion for each trait he wants to have the dynamic mixin functionality for. This companion object requires defining the anonymous trait object gets created (::).

trait DynamicMixinCompanion[TT] {                                                                    
  implicit def baseObject[OT](o: Mixin[OT]): OT = o.obj                                              

  def ::[OT](o: OT): Mixin[OT] with TT                                                               
  class Mixin[OT] protected[DynamicMixinCompanion](val obj: OT)                                      
}                                                                                                    

trait OtherTrait {                                                                                   
  def traitOperation = println("any trait")                                                          
}                                                                                                    

object OtherTrait extends DynamicMixinCompanion[OtherTrait] {                                        
  def ::[T](o: T) = new Mixin(o) with OtherTrait                                                     
}                                                                                                    

object Main {                                                                                        
  def main(args: Array[String]) {                                                                    
    val a = "some string"                                                                            
    val m = a :: OtherTrait                                                                          
    m.traitOperation                                                                                 
    println(m.length)                                                                                
  }                                                                                                  
}                                                                                                    

回答3:

I usually used a implicit to mix in a new method to an existing object.

See, if I have some code as below:

final class Test {
  def f = "Just a Test"
  ...some other method
}
trait MyTrait {
  def doSomething = {
    println("boo")
  }
}
object HelperObject {
  implicit def innerObj(o:MixTest) = o.obj

  def mixWith(o:Test) = new MixTest(o)
  final class MixTest private[HelperObject](obj:Test) extends MyTrait
}

and then you can use MyTrait method with an already existing object Test.

val a = new Test
import HelperObject._
val b = HelperObject.mixWith(a)
println(b.f)
b.doSomething

in your example, you can use like this:

import HelperObject._
val o = mixWith(DBHelper.loadMyEntityFromDB(primaryKey));
o.doSomething

I am thinking out a prefect syntax to define this HelperObject:

trait MyTrait {
  ..some method
}
object MyTrait {
  implicit def innerObj(o:MixTest) = o.obj

  def ::(o:Test) = new MixTest(o)
  final class MixTest private[MyTrait](obj:Test) extends MyTrait
}
//then you can use it
val a = new Test
val b = a :: MyTrait
b.doSomething
b.f
// for your example
val o = DBHelper.loadMyEntityFromDB(primaryKey) :: MyTrait
o.doSomething

回答4:

What about an implicit class? It seems easier to me compared to the way in the other answers with a final inner class and a "mixin"-function.

trait MyTrait {

    def traitFunction = println("trait function executed")

}

class MyClass {

    /**
     * This inner class must be in scope wherever an instance of MyClass
     * should be used as an instance of MyTrait. Depending on where you place
     * and use the implicit class you must import it into scope with
     * "import mypackacke.MyImplictClassLocation" or
     * "import mypackage.MyImplicitClassLocation._" or no import at all if
     * the implicit class is already in scope.
     * 
     * Depending on the visibility and location of use this implicit class an
     * be placed inside the trait to mixin, inside the instances class,
     * inside the instances class' companion object or somewhere where you
     * use or call the class' instance with as the trait. Probably the
     * implicit class can even reside inside a package object. It also can be
     * declared private to reduce visibility. It all depends on the structure
     * of your API.
     */
    implicit class MyImplicitClass(instance: MyClass) extends MyTrait

    /**
     * Usage
     */
    new MyClass().traitFunction

}

回答5:

Why not use Scala's extend my library pattern?

https://alvinalexander.com/scala/scala-2.10-implicit-class-example

I'm not sure what the return value is of:

var o = DBHelper.loadMyEntityFromDB(primaryKey);

but let us say, it is DBEntity for our example. You can take the class DBEntity and convert it to a class that extends your trait, MyTrait.

Something like:

trait MyTrait {
  def doSomething = {
    println("boo")
  }
}

class MyClass() extends MyTrait

// Have an implicit conversion to MyClass
implicit def dbEntityToMyClass(in: DBEntity): MyClass = 
new MyClass()

I believe you could also simplify this by just using an implicit class.

implicit class ConvertDBEntity(in: DBEntity) extends MyTrait

I particularly dislike the accepted answer here, b/c it overloads the :: operator to mix-in a trait.

In Scala, the :: operator is used for sequences, i.e.:

val x = 1 :: 2 :: 3 :: Nil

Using it as a means of inheritance feels, IMHO, a little awkward.