Datatype for storing ip address in SQL Server

问题:

What datatype should I choose for storing an IP Address in a SQL Server?

By selecting the right datatype would it be easy enough to filter by IP address then?

回答1:

The technically correct way to store IPv4 is Binary(4), since that is what it actually is (no, not even an INT32/INT(4)), the numeric textual form that we all know and love (255.255.255.255) being just the display conversion of it's binary content.

If you do it this way, you will want functions to convert to and from the textual-display format:

Here's how to convert the textual display form to binary:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnBinaryIPv4(@ip AS VARCHAR(15)) RETURNS BINARY(4)
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @bin AS BINARY(4)

    SELECT @bin = CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 4 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 3 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 2 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 1 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))

    RETURN @bin
END
go

And here's how to convert the binary back to the textual display form:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnDisplayIPv4(@ip AS BINARY(4)) RETURNS VARCHAR(15)
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @str AS VARCHAR(15) 

    SELECT @str = CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 1, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) ) + '.'
                + CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 2, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) ) + '.'
                + CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 3, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) ) + '.'
                + CAST( CAST( SUBSTRING( @ip, 4, 1) AS INTEGER) AS VARCHAR(3) );

    RETURN @str
END;
go

Here's a demo of how to use them:

SELECT dbo.fnBinaryIPv4('192.65.68.201')
--should return 0xC04144C9
go

SELECT dbo.fnDisplayIPv4( 0xC04144C9 )
-- should return '192.65.68.201'
go

Finally, when doing lookups and compares, always use the binary form if you want to be able to leverage your indexes.

---

UPDATE:

I wanted to add that one way to address the inherent performance problems of scalar UDF's in SQL Server, but still retain the code-reuse of a function is to use an iTVF (inline table-valued function) instead. Here's how the first function above (string to binary) can be re-written as an iTVF:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.itvfBinaryIPv4(@ip AS VARCHAR(15)) RETURNS TABLE
AS RETURN (
    SELECT CAST(
               CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 4 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
            +  CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 3 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
            +  CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 2 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
            +  CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 1 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                AS BINARY(4)) As bin
        )
go

Here's it in the example:

SELECT bin FROM dbo.fnBinaryIPv4('192.65.68.201')
--should return 0xC04144C9
go

And here's how you would use it in an INSERT

INSERT INTo myIpTable
SELECT {other_column_values,...},
       (SELECT bin FROM dbo.itvfBinaryIPv4('192.65.68.201'))

回答2:

You can use varchar. The length of IPv4 is static, but that of IPv6 may be highly variable.

Unless you have a good reason to store it as binary, stick with a string (textual) type.

回答3:

Here is some code to convert either IPV4 or IPv6 in varchar format to binary(16) and back. This is the smallest form I could think of. It should index well and provide a relatively easy way to filter on subnets. Requires SQL Server 2005 or later. Not sure it's totally bulletproof. Hope this helps.

-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('2002:1ff:6c2::1ff:6c2')
-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('10.4.46.2')
-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('bogus')

ALTER FUNCTION dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary
(
     @ipAddress VARCHAR(39)
)
RETURNS BINARY(16) AS
BEGIN
DECLARE
     @bytes BINARY(16), @vbytes VARBINARY(16), @vbzone VARBINARY(2)
     , @colIndex TINYINT, @prevColIndex TINYINT, @parts TINYINT, @limit TINYINT
     , @delim CHAR(1), @token VARCHAR(4), @zone VARCHAR(4)

SELECT
     @delim = '.'
     , @prevColIndex = 0
     , @limit = 4
     , @vbytes = 0x
     , @parts = 0
     , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress)

IF @colIndex = 0
     BEGIN
           SELECT
                @delim = ':'
                , @limit = 8
                , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress)
           WHILE @colIndex > 0
                SELECT
                      @parts = @parts + 1
                      , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress, @colIndex + 1)
           SET @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress)

           IF @colIndex = 0
                RETURN NULL     
     END

SET @ipAddress = @ipAddress + @delim

WHILE @colIndex > 0
     BEGIN
           SET @token = SUBSTRING(@ipAddress, @prevColIndex + 1, @Colindex - @prevColIndex - 1)

           IF @delim = ':'
                BEGIN
                      SET  @zone = RIGHT('0000' + @token, 4)

                      SELECT
                           @vbzone = CAST('' AS XML).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@zone"))', 'varbinary(2)')
                           , @vbytes = @vbytes + @vbzone

                      IF @token = ''
                           WHILE @parts + 1 < @limit
                                 SELECT
                                      @vbytes = @vbytes + @vbzone
                                      , @parts = @parts + 1
                END
           ELSE
                BEGIN
                      SET @zone = SUBSTRING('' + master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(CAST(@token AS TINYINT)), 3, 2)

                      SELECT
                           @vbzone = CAST('' AS XML).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@zone"))', 'varbinary(1)')
                           , @vbytes = @vbytes + @vbzone
                END

           SELECT
                @prevColIndex = @colIndex
                , @colIndex = CHARINDEX(@delim, @ipAddress, @colIndex + 1) 
     END            

SET @bytes =
     CASE @delim
           WHEN ':' THEN @vbytes
           ELSE 0x000000000000000000000000 + @vbytes
     END 

RETURN @bytes

END

-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertBinaryToIpAddress(0x200201FF06C200000000000001FF06C2)
-- SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertBinaryToIpAddress(0x0000000000000000000000000A0118FF)

ALTER FUNCTION [dbo].[fn_ConvertBinaryToIpAddress]
(
     @bytes BINARY(16)
)
RETURNS VARCHAR(39) AS
BEGIN
DECLARE
     @part VARBINARY(2)
     , @colIndex TINYINT
     , @ipAddress VARCHAR(39)

SET @ipAddress = ''

IF SUBSTRING(@bytes, 1, 12) = 0x000000000000000000000000
     BEGIN
           SET @colIndex = 13
           WHILE @colIndex <= 16
                SELECT
                      @part = SUBSTRING(@bytes, @colIndex, 1)
                      , @ipAddress = @ipAddress
                           + CAST(CAST(@part AS TINYINT) AS VARCHAR(3))
                           + CASE @colIndex WHEN 16 THEN '' ELSE '.' END
                      , @colIndex = @colIndex + 1

           IF @ipAddress = '0.0.0.1'
                SET @ipAddress = '::1'
     END
ELSE
     BEGIN
           SET @colIndex = 1
           WHILE @colIndex <= 16
                BEGIN
                      SET @part = SUBSTRING(@bytes, @colIndex, 2)
                      SELECT
                           @ipAddress = @ipAddress
                                 + CAST('' as xml).value('xs:hexBinary(sql:variable("@part") )', 'varchar(4)')
                                 + CASE @colIndex WHEN 15 THEN '' ELSE ':' END
                           , @colIndex = @colIndex + 2
                END
     END

RETURN @ipAddress   

END 

回答4:

As I want to handle both IPv4 and IPv6, I am using VARBINARY(16) and the following SQL CLR functions to convert the text IP address presentation to bytes and the reverse:

[SqlFunction(DataAccess = DataAccessKind.None, IsDeterministic = true)]
public static SqlBytes GetIPAddressBytesFromString (SqlString value)
{
    IPAddress IP;

    if (IPAddress.TryParse(value.Value, out IP))
    {
        return new SqlBytes(IP.GetAddressBytes());
    }
    else
    {
        return new SqlBytes();
    }
}


[SqlFunction(DataAccess = DataAccessKind.None, IsDeterministic = true)]
public static SqlString GetIPAddressStringFromBytes(SqlBytes value)
{
    string output;

    if (value.IsNull)
    {
        output = "";
    }
    else
    {
        IPAddress IP = new IPAddress(value.Value);
        output = IP.ToString();
    }

    return new SqlString(output);
}

回答5:

sys.dm_exec_connections uses varchar(48) after SQL Server 2005 SP1. Sounds good enough for me especially if you want to use it compare to your value.

Realistically, you won't see IPv6 as mainstream for a while yet, so I'd prefer the 4 tinyint route. Saying that, I'm using varchar(48) because I have to use sys.dm_exec_connections...

Otherwise. Mark Redman's answer mentions a previous SO debate question.

回答6:

I usually use a plain old VARCHAR filtering for an IPAddress works fine.

If you want to filter on ranges of IP address I'd break it into four integers.

回答7:

For people using .NET can use IPAddress class to parse IPv4/IPv6 string and store it as a VARBINARY(16). Can use the same class to convert byte[] to string. If want to convert the VARBINARY in SQL:

--SELECT 
--  dbo.varbinaryToIpString(CAST(0x7F000001 AS VARBINARY(4))) IPv4,
--  dbo.varbinaryToIpString(CAST(0x20010DB885A3000000008A2E03707334 AS VARBINARY(16))) IPv6

--ALTER 
CREATE
FUNCTION dbo.varbinaryToIpString
(
    @varbinaryValue VARBINARY(16)
)
RETURNS VARCHAR(39)
AS
BEGIN
    IF @varbinaryValue IS NULL
        RETURN NULL
    IF DATALENGTH(@varbinaryValue) = 4
    BEGIN
        RETURN 
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 1, 1))) + '.' +
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 2, 1))) + '.' +
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 3, 1))) + '.' +
            CONVERT(VARCHAR(3), CONVERT(INT, SUBSTRING(@varbinaryValue, 4, 1)))
    END
    IF DATALENGTH(@varbinaryValue) = 16
    BEGIN
        RETURN 
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  1, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  3, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  5, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  7, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue,  9, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue, 11, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue, 13, 2) + ':' +
            sys.fn_varbintohexsubstring(0, @varbinaryValue, 15, 2)
    END

    RETURN 'Invalid'
END

回答8:

Thanks RBarry. I'm putting together an IP block allocation system and storing as binary is the only way to go.

I'm storing the CIDR representation (ex: 192.168.1.0/24) of the IP block in a varchar field, and using 2 calculated fields to hold the binary form of the start and end of the block. From there, I can run fast queries to see if a given block as already been allocated or is free to assign.

I modified your function to calculate the ending IP Address like so:

CREATE FUNCTION dbo.fnDisplayIPv4End(@block AS VARCHAR(18)) RETURNS BINARY(4)
AS
BEGIN
    DECLARE @bin AS BINARY(4)
    DECLARE @ip AS VARCHAR(15)
    DECLARE @size AS INT

    SELECT @ip = Left(@block, Len(@block)-3)
    SELECT @size = Right(@block, 2)

    SELECT @bin = CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 4 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 3 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 2 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))
                + CAST( CAST( PARSENAME( @ip, 1 ) AS INTEGER) AS BINARY(1))

    SELECT @bin = CAST(@bin + POWER(2, 32-@size) AS BINARY(4))
    RETURN @bin
END;
go

回答9:

I like the functions of SandRock. But I found an error in the code of dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary. The incoming parameter of @ipAddress VARCHAR(39) is too small when you concat the @delim to it.

SET @ipAddress = @ipAddress + @delim

You can increase it to 40. Or better yet use a new variable that is bigger and use that internally. That way you don't lose the last pair on large numbers.

SELECT dbo.fn_ConvertIpAddressToBinary('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')

回答10:

I'm using varchar(15) so far everything is working for me. Insert, Update, Select. I have just started an app that has IP Addresses, though I have not done much dev work yet.

Here is the select statement:

select * From dbo.Server 
where  [IP] = ('132.46.151.181')
Go