Recursive Prolog predicate for reverse / palindrom

问题:

1. Can I get a recursive Prolog predicate having two arguments, called reverse, which returns the inverse of a list:

   Sample query and expected result:

   ?- reverse([a,b,c], L).
   L = [c,b,a].
   

2. A recursive Prolog predicate of two arguments called palindrome which returns true if the given list is palindrome.

   Sample query with expected result:

   ?- palindrome([a,b,c]).
   false.
   
   ?- palindrome([b,a,c,a,b]).
   true.
   

回答1:

Ad 1: It is impossible to define reverse/2 as a (directly edit thx to @repeat: tail) recursive predicate - unless you permit an auxiliary predicate.

Ad 2:

palindrome(X) :- reverse(X,X).

But the easiest way is to define such predicates with DCGs:

iseq([]) --> [].
iseq([E|Es]) --> iseq(Es), [E].

reverse(Xs, Ys) :-
   phrase(iseq(Xs), Ys).

palindrome(Xs) :-
   phrase(palindrome, Xs).

palindrome --> [].
palindrome --> [E].
palindrome --> [E], palindrome, [E].

回答2:

There isn't an efficient way to define reverse/2 with a single recursive definition without using some auxiliary predicate. However, if this is nevertheless permitted, a simple solution which doesn't rely on any built-ins like append/3 (and should be applicable for most Prolog implementations) would be to use an accumulator list, as follows:

rev([],[]).
rev([X|Xs], R) :-
    rev_acc(Xs, [X], R).

rev_acc([], R, R).
rev_acc([X|Xs], Acc, R) :-
    rev_acc(Xs, [X|Acc], R).

rev/2 is the reversal predicate which simply 'delegates' to (or, wraps) the accumulator-based version called rev-acc/2, which recursively adds elements of the input list into an accumulator in reverse order.

Running this:

?- rev([1,3,2,x,4],L).
L = [4, x, 2, 3, 1].

And indeed as @false has already pointed out (+1),

palindrome(X) :- rev(X,X). 

回答3:

Just for curiosity here goes a recursive implementation of reverse/2 that does not use auxiliary predicates and still reverses the list. You might consider it cheating as it uses reverse/2 using lists and the structure -/2 as arguments.

reverse([], []):-!.
reverse([], R-R).
reverse(R-[], R):-!.
reverse(R-NR, R-NR).
reverse([Head|Tail], Reversed):-
  reverse(Tail, R-[Head|NR]),
  reverse(R-NR, Reversed).

回答4:

conca([],L,L).
conca([X|L1],L2,[X|L3]):- conca(L1,L2,L3).
rev([],[]).
rev([X|Y],N):- rev(Y,N1),conca(N1,[X],N).
palindrome([X|Y]):- rev([X|Y],N),equal([X|Y],N).
equal([X],[X]).
equal([X|Y],[X|Z]):- equal(Y,Z).